Domestic wastewater includes sewage from toilets (feces and urine) as well as other household activities such as kitchen, laundry, and showers, which contains pollutants such as oils, organic matter, detergents, and microscopic pathogens. If left untreated and discharged directly into rivers or reservoirs, it can lead to water quality degradation, foul odors, and eutrophication. It also results in the proliferation of flies and mosquitoes, seriously affecting the quality of life and posing health risks due to the potential transmission of diseases, severely impacting the environment and sanitation. As such, proper management of domestic wastewater is critical, and the ministry has been working with relevant authorities and municipal governments to promote five key initiatives: